Polarisation

The last panel at the ECREA 2026 conference in Brno starts with Morgan Wack, whose focus is on X’s Community Notes programme. Community Notes enables users of X to add notes to misleading posts, and these are then rated by other users; if these ratings show agreement even across partisan lines, the notes are publicly attached to posts, and reduce reposts and likes on the platform by nearly 50%.

YouTube, Meta, and TikTok are now implementing similar crowdsourced annotation approaches; this is part of their move away from professional and platform-funded fact-checking and moderation frameworks. But only 14% of all …

The final speaker in this morning session at the ECREA 2026 conference in Brno is Eva Mayerhöffer, whose focus is on the role of digital trace data in understanding exposure to alternative information. One point of departure for this is often to start with a list of alternative and problematic news outlets which are then identified in survey responses, data donations, or digital trace data; the focus here is then also often only on the top domains, i.e. the most frequently accessed sources.

But such a reduction to the most notorious sites substantially underestimates exposure, since there is a very …

The next speaker in this session at the ECREA 2026 conference in Brno is Lucie Čejková, who shifts our focus to conspiracism as a now fairly common style of thinking, which has potential implications for democratic societies. The role of social media sites in all this has been especially highlighted here, in both academic research and public debate, and of course social media platforms remain a key source of news for a large part of the population, too.

The present study examines the link between social media use and individual conspiracism through a systematic literature review of some 160 articles …

And the final speakers in this session at the ECREA 2026 conference in Brno are Heidi Schulze and Kilian Bühling, presenting a systematic literature review on how to classify far-right ideology based on digital trace data. Far-right ideologies have risen in prominence in recent years, but the actors involved here remain diverse and somewhat underdefined; often, they are not directly affiliated with specific political parties or movements, making them harder to classify.

Indeed, the concept of the far right needs to be defined better. It includes the populist radical right, which is illiberal but democratic, and the extreme right, which …

And the next speaker in this session at the ECREA 2026 conference in Brno is Felix Gaisbauer, whose focus is on the supply of and demand for political content on TikTok. This is often tested here using sockpuppet studies that test what kind of content the TikTok algorithm serves users; here, sockpuppet accounts that displayed a right-leaning accounts have at times been found to receive more recommendations for politically aligned content than right-leaning accounts. This could also simply result if there is more right- than left-leaning account on the platform, though.

This ‘algorithmic supply’ thus intervenes between content supply and …

And the final speaker in this session at the ECREA 2026 conference in Brno is Floriane van Alphen. She begins by pointing out the challenges for climate journalism: by some accounts, news media do not do enough to alert audiences to the challenge of climate change; by others, they are complicit in confusing their audiences about how to address it. Nonetheless, climate journalists remain relatively well trusted, compared to other journalists, even in spite of the flood of climate mis- and disinformation that floods this space.

The challenge with addressing any of this is that it may be renegotiating the …

The next speaker in this session at the ECREA 2026 conference in Brno is Quirin Ryffel, whose interest is in the impact of argument exposure on polarisation. Affective polarisation between two opinion groups based on issue-specific positions is in part driven by a horizontal dislike between those groups; individuals in one group perceive other groups to be different from them, and this can generate out-group animosity as well as increase in-group favouritism.

Wheat happens when these groups encounter each other’s arguments, then? Intercrop contact theory suggests that groups might lead to a recognition of commonalities and a reduction of fear …

The next speaker in this session at the ECREA 2026 conference in Brno is Niels Mede, whose interest is in public trust in climate scientists; his paper builds on data from a global survey on trust in science, including climate science. Overall, trust in science is actually quite solid, but is also turning increasingly polarised in parts of the population; climate science is a particular battlefield here.

What people, and what publics, are divided about climate science, then? Divisions largely follow partisan ideological lines; elite cues and identity sustain that divide, and fuel this division. Trust in climate scientists is …

The next speaker in this session at the ECREA 2026 conference in Brno is my QUT colleague Sam Vilkins, whose focus is on evidence use in polarised climate reporting. Climate news is highly polarised, and this mirrors broader polarisation in the news landscape. However, such polarisation is not always a problem – agitation for progress is entirely legitimate, for instance, and diverging views are a natural part of healthy political debate. However, this can turn to destructive polarisation.

The analysis of news polarisation is often focussed on polarisation amongst news audiences; the assessment of news content for evidence of polarisation …

The next panel at the ECREA 2026 conference in Brno is on polarisation around climate change, and starts with my colleague Carly Lubicz-Zaorski. She begins by outlining recent developments in climate policy in Australia, and especially the discussions and disinformation about net zero policy, renewable energies, and the role of nuclear power in the energy mix.

Carly engaged in an LLM-assisted discourse analysis of submissions to the Australian federal parliament’s recent inquiry into nuclear power; she worked with the Claude LLM to code the submitters and their stances, the claims about nuclear and other energy sources being made, and the …