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The next speakers in this session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore are Guolin Chen and Xialei Zhang, whose focus is on the global media landscape. Increasingly, we have seen the emergence of state-driven English-language networks, including CGTN from China, RT from Russia, TRT International from Turkey, etc. This goes beyond mere propaganda, which is too simplistic and broad a label; it represents a soft power agenda.

But how do such media construct their imagined communities, both at the national and global level – indeed, how do they advance beyond imagination and towards expressing their vision of these communities …

Because of the coffee queue I came in late to the Thursday morning session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore, where Jan Miessler is already in full flight summarising structural functionalism. His overall aim here is to critique the systemic perspective on media systems that was popularised with the seminar work by Hallin and Mancini, which tends to neglect the social actors within the system, and presents a ‘real’ and ‘holistic’ perspective that is actually conjured by the authors.

But a holistic perspective means that nothing can be known, since there is no way to exhaustively describe a system …

The final speaker in this session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore is Dorothy Njoroge, whose focus is on youth protests in Africa – these have been occurring around the world over the past decades, although African protests have been less visible in global media coverage than similar events in America, Asia, or Europe.

Africa has a very substantial youth population, but very limited socio-economic perspectives for its youth; they are politically marginalised, in a stage of ‘waithood’ where adulthood is suspended due to a lack of economic opportunities, but also better-educated and more technologically literate than earlier generations …

The next speaker in this session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore is Mistura Salaudeen, whose focus is on China’s soft power in Africa. Africa has gradually become a key target of Chinese soft power activities, through economic investment, bilateral and multilateral engagement, and other initiatives. Its state media outlets have also established increasingly visible African operations. China also partners with African nations through BRICS, FOCAC, BRI, and the Belt and Road initiative. These initiatives seek to convince Africa that China is a more profitable partner than the west.

This is true for Nigeria, too – a ‘Chinese way …

The second speaker in this session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore is Kata Horváth, whose focus is on political influencer videos in the 2024 Hungarian elections. Hungary has now backslid into authoritarianism, and its mainstream media system have been captured by political interests aligned with the Fidesz party; the social media environment is also severely affected by hostile narratives from disinformation influencers, however.

Hostile narratives are designed to create an enemy figure that provides a target for social frustrations, reinforce polarisation, and distract from real issues. Social media advertising is also dominated by the Fidesz party, in part …

My final session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore for today is on global conflicts, and starts with Nicole Marie Klevanskaya, whose focus is on Russian state-controlled and independent television reporting on acts of terrorism. This includes the 2024 terrorist attack on the Crocus City Hall entertainment complex, which resulted in at least 140 deaths. This was Russia’s largest terror attack in years, and Putin quickly and incorrectly blamed Ukraine for it.

Russian media consists of independent and regime-critical journalists in exile, and state-controlled domestic media outlets that toe the official line. Studies on this media system often predate …

The final speaker in this session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore is Hanye Yang, with a comparison of fact-checking operations in China and Hong Kong. Fact-checking has grown substantially in recent years, in response to the rise of mis- and disinformation; there is not a sizeable fact-checking sector in Asia too. But do western models of fact-checking apply here, especially in the context of non-democratic political systems and limited press freedom?

The difference between China and Hong Kong is interesting here, since their media systems diverged under British rule in Hong Kong but are perhaps converging again with …

The third speakers in this session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore are Xiaoyang Lai, Xiaozhen Jiang, and Yajing Zhu, who begin by referring to a recent incident in China where a car rammed into a crowd of people. They point out that media reporting about the reasons behind this attack was edited after the fact, and are interested in why this might be the case.

This incident can be seen as a case of lone-wolf terrorism, and such cases are reported very differently in mainland and diaspora Chinese media. Chinese media tend to favour a disruption-response-restoration framing, emphasising …

The second speaker in this session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore is Ivan Paganotti, whose interest is in Brazil’s suspension of Xitter in August to October 2024 as a result of its non-compliance with Brazilian court rulings on media regulation. The Brazilian Supreme Federal Court has been quite active in the field of media regulation, and its suspension of Xitter has set a precedent that may also be of relevance to other jurisdictions.

Xitter had been found to be non-compliant with Brazilian court rulings on blocking and removing the profiles of far-right influencers who were undermining its democratic …

For the post-lunch session on this third day of the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore I’m in a session on mis- and disinformation infrastructures, where I’ll start by discussing our platform audit of how artificial intelligence chatbots respond to queries about well-known conspiracy theories. Here are the slides: