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The final session on this first day of the SEASON 2025 conference starts with Jennifer Gnyp, whose interest is in integrating language complexity into search; this is critical for inclusive search technologies. Inclusion only works if it is not the task of individuals to adjust and adapt to the societal mainstream, but if society removes the barriers that exclude such individuals; their needs must be considered from the beginning.

Key aspects to consider here are readability and comprehensibility, but readability focusses only on formal features while comprehensibility focusses on content and meaning, and measures the ease of understanding. This requires …

The final speaker in this session at the SEASON 2025 conference is Nora Lindemann, who will focus especially on the role of Large Language Models in the information ecosystem. It’s important to note here that knowledge is embodied and situated, while information is broken-down knowledge that can be transferred through communication. This is also relational, where a relation is a connection between two entities that is constituted by their specific interaction and modulated by power.

Online information access is now rapidly changing, from (intransparently) algorithmically mediated conventional search results to the intrusion of AI-generated summaries into search results pages, or …

The next speakers in this session at the SEASON 2025 conference are Jutta Haider and Malte Rödl, whose interests are in what they call ignorance logics in search, with a particular focus on environmental issues. Algorithmic systems are involved in the shaping of knowledge, and of what is knowable and can be known; and societal responses to ecological crises, in particular, are now failing not so much because of a lack of knowledge but because of the possibility of ignorance. This is due in part also because of the curation of information by algorithmic black boxes.

Which worlds are made …

The first speaker in the first paper session at the SEASON 2025 conference is Frans van der Sluis, whose focus is on information quality in information retrieval. Judging information quality is hard: often, there is an inherent uncertainty around truth, and a question about whether a statement can be reliably justified as true. Practices such as cherry-picking, bothsidesism, and framing exploit such uncertainties. Overall, then, information quality might mean any of accuracy, comprehensiveness, expertise, usefulness, bias, and more.

Search engines tend to objectify such quality, mostly by assessing relevance; Google also seeks to includes expertise, authoritativeness, and trustworthiness factors, though …

After a week spent in Brussels and at the 25th anniversary of the Center for Internet Research in Aarhus, I’ve now arrived in Hamburg for the inaugural Search Engines and Society (SEASON) 2025 conference, which begins with a keynote by the great Matthias Spielkamp, the founder of German NGO AlgorithmWatch, who is also a partner in our ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society. His keynote reflects on the past ten years of AlgorithmWatch’s efforts to promote algorithmic accountability.

AlgorithmWatch is a non-profit NGO based in Berlin and Zürich, seeking to ensure that algorithms serve to strengthen …

The final presentation in this final session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore is by Zhieh Lor, Jihyang Choi, and Jaehyun Lee, who introduce the idea of a virtuous circle between nerds, political efficacy, and political participation. However, such active citizenship has continued to evolve, and new forms of political engagement like hashtag activism have emerged in the meantime – so how do people engage with politics today? What is their political participation repertoire?

Such political participation may include offline and online participation, lifestyle politics, and selective issue-based participation; the repertoire encompassing these participation styles may vary widely from …

The next speaker in this session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore is the great Renee Barnes, with a paper on strategic political news avoidance. This is a comparative study between Australia and Singapore, but the paper today is about the Australian side. Political news is of critical importance, yet information overload, issue  fatigue, lack of media trust, emotional reactions to the news, a perception of low relevance and impact, and general indifference all contributing to news avoidance; there may also be a difference between intentional and unintentional news avoidance.

How do all these factors intersect with each other …

The next speaker in this final session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore is Marco Dohle; his interest is in everyday political consumerism. This is generally defined as consumers use of the market as an arena for politics, in order to change market practices that are found to be ethically, ecologically, or politically questionable. This is a widely used form of political participation, and is often expressed through boycotts or ‘buycotts’.

Such activity has increased on recent decades, driven by one or more of four megatrends: globalisation, individualisation, value change, or digitalisation. Digital media use is often associated with …

The final session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore starts with Xue Mi, Yang Yang, and Zhen Ran, who begin with an introduction to the platformisation of online communication in China; such platforms also actively collaborate with the Chinese government on political initiatives. Political exposure on Chinese social media platforms could have various effects; this paper explores exposure to information from the Communist Youth League, an organisation for elite youth of 14 to 28 years, in Province A.

The CYL has various mechanisms for connecting within members and broader audiences: coercion, where WeChat is used for membership payments and …