The final speaker on this first day of the SEASON 2025 conference is Kristofer Söderström, exploring differences between conventional search and the use of ChatGPT as an alternative. For users, practical distinctions between these tools may increasingly blur, considering the embedding of these technologies into each other; users may prefer LLMs because of their turn-based interrogability, though, and trust them more readily because of the convincing way in which results are presented.

How might we research and understand these practices, then? Kristofer’s study examined how Reddit users compare and contrast ChatGPT and Google Search, collecting some 271 threads from r/ChatGPT …

The third speaker in this session at the SEASON 2025 conference is Natalie Tutzer, whose focus is on search engine optimisation (SEO) in the field of healthcare information. Finding reliable healthcare information online is fraught, and academic and non-commercial sources (such as authoritative patient guidelines) often lack visibility compared to material from commercial actors, in part also because many such materials are distributed as the online equivalents of print products – as PDFs – rather than as native Web content.

Can SEO measures make such content more visible online, without adjusting the – iteratively developed and authoritative – content itself …

After a week spent in Brussels and at the 25th anniversary of the Center for Internet Research in Aarhus, I’ve now arrived in Hamburg for the inaugural Search Engines and Society (SEASON) 2025 conference, which begins with a keynote by the great Matthias Spielkamp, the founder of German NGO AlgorithmWatch, who is also a partner in our ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society. His keynote reflects on the past ten years of AlgorithmWatch’s efforts to promote algorithmic accountability.

AlgorithmWatch is a non-profit NGO based in Berlin and Zürich, seeking to ensure that algorithms serve to strengthen …

The final presentation in this final session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore is by Zhieh Lor, Jihyang Choi, and Jaehyun Lee, who introduce the idea of a virtuous circle between nerds, political efficacy, and political participation. However, such active citizenship has continued to evolve, and new forms of political engagement like hashtag activism have emerged in the meantime – so how do people engage with politics today? What is their political participation repertoire?

Such political participation may include offline and online participation, lifestyle politics, and selective issue-based participation; the repertoire encompassing these participation styles may vary widely from …

The next speaker in this session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore is the great Renee Barnes, with a paper on strategic political news avoidance. This is a comparative study between Australia and Singapore, but the paper today is about the Australian side. Political news is of critical importance, yet information overload, issue  fatigue, lack of media trust, emotional reactions to the news, a perception of low relevance and impact, and general indifference all contributing to news avoidance; there may also be a difference between intentional and unintentional news avoidance.

How do all these factors intersect with each other …

The next speaker in this final session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore is Marco Dohle; his interest is in everyday political consumerism. This is generally defined as consumers use of the market as an arena for politics, in order to change market practices that are found to be ethically, ecologically, or politically questionable. This is a widely used form of political participation, and is often expressed through boycotts or ‘buycotts’.

Such activity has increased on recent decades, driven by one or more of four megatrends: globalisation, individualisation, value change, or digitalisation. Digital media use is often associated with …

The final session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore starts with Xue Mi, Yang Yang, and Zhen Ran, who begin with an introduction to the platformisation of online communication in China; such platforms also actively collaborate with the Chinese government on political initiatives. Political exposure on Chinese social media platforms could have various effects; this paper explores exposure to information from the Communist Youth League, an organisation for elite youth of 14 to 28 years, in Province A.

The CYL has various mechanisms for connecting within members and broader audiences: coercion, where WeChat is used for membership payments and …

The fourth speaker in this session at the IAMCR 2025 conference in Singapore is Jessica Kühn, whose focus is on adolescents’ egocentric networks on social media platforms. This draws on the qualitative network analysis method (QNA), which focusses on an individual’s network as an egocentric, personal network, and on the individual’s perceptions of that network as well as on the perceptions of their contacts.

This surfaces which network contacts matter to the central individual, how, and why, and helps us to analyse the embeddedness of individuals within their social environment. But it is a complex and work-intensive method – most …